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| Author |
Juby, G.J.G. |
| Title |
Desalination of calcium sulphate scaling mine water: Design and operation of the SPARRO process |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Water Sa |
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| Volume |
22 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
161-172 |
| Keywords |
mine water treatment |
| Abstract |
The South African mining industry discharges relatively small quantities of mine service water to the environment, but these effluents contribute substantially to the salt load of the receiving waters. The poor quality of service water also has significant cost implications on the mining operations. Of the two main types of mine service water encountered in the gold mining industry, the so-called calcium sulphate scaling types is found in the majority of cases. Preliminary testwork on this type of water using membrane desalination processes revealed that only the seeded reverse osmosis type of process showed promise. To overcome certain process problems and high operating costs with this system, a novel membrane desalination technique incorporating seeded technology, called the SPARRO (slurry precipitation and recycle reverse osmosis) process, was developed. The novel features of the new process included; a lower linear slurry velocity in the membrane tubes, a lower seed slurry concentration, a dual pumping arrangement to a tapered membrane stack, a smaller reactor and a modified seed crystal and brine blow-down system. Evaluation of the SPARRO process and its novel features, over a five-year period, confirmed its technical viability for desalinating calcium sulphate-scaling mine water. The electrical power consumption of the process was approximately half that of previous designs, significantly improving its efficiency. Membrane performance was evaluated and was generally unsatisfactory with both fouling and hydrolysis dominating at times, although operating conditions for the membranes were not always ideal. The precise cause(s) for the membrane degradation was not established, but a mechanism for fouling (based upon the presence of turbidity in the mine water) and a hypothesis fora possible cause of hydrolysis (alluding to the presence of radionuclides in the mine water) were proposed. Product water from the SPARRO process has an estimated gross unit cost (including capital costs) of 383 c/m(3) (1994). |
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Desalination of calcium sulphate scaling mine water: Design and operation of the SPARRO process; Wos:A1996uh88100009; Times Cited: 5; ISI Web of Science |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 17168 |
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86 |
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Selecting Mine Drainage Treatment Systems |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
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E&Mj-Engineering and Mining Journal |
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196 |
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10 |
Pages |
Rr24-& |
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mine water treatment |
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Selecting Mine Drainage Treatment Systems; Wos:A1995ta62400001; Times Cited: 0; ISI Web of Science |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 8900 |
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87 |
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Arnekleiv, J.V. |
| Title |
Downstream Effects Of Mine Drainage On Benthos And Fish In A Norwegian River – A Comparison Of The Situation Before And After River Rehabilitation |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of Geochemical Exploration |
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52 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
35-43 |
| Keywords |
mine water treatment |
| Abstract |
Parts of the Norwegian river Gaula are strongly polluted from former mining activity in the area. In the most polluted parts of the river the concentration levels of Cu and Zn in 1986-1987 were up to 155 mug l-1 and 186 mug l-1, respectively. In 1989 the spoil heaps in the mining area were covered with protective layers of moss-covered plastic. In 1991-1992 the concentration levels of Cu and Zn had decreased by 75% and 65%, respectively. Animal life in the polluted area seemed to be strongly affected by the trace metals in 1986-1987. The 1991-1992 results showed a marked increase in the number of species and in the number of individuals of each species of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera, compared with the results from 1986-87. Good correlations were found between the concentrations of Cu in the water and both the number of species and the number of individuals of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Analysis of the species Baetis rhodani, Diura nanseni and Rhyacophila nubila showed an average total dry weight content of Cu up to 264 mug g-1, of Zn up to 1930 mug g-1 and of Cd up to 16 mug g-1. The contents of the three trace metals were significantly different from one species to another and in part between the stations for each species. In 1987 trout died after an exposure of one to two days on three test sites in the river, whereas in 1991-1992 40-75% of the trout survived an exposure period of several weeks at two of the sites. Electrofishing in 1991-1992 indicated recolonization of trout in the lower parts of the former affected and uninhabitable area. |
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Downstream Effects Of Mine Drainage On Benthos And Fish In A Norwegian River – A Comparison Of The Situation Before And After River Rehabilitation; Wos:A1995qp96600005; Times Cited: 2; ISI Web of Science |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 17175 |
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88 |
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| Author |
Bechard, G. |
| Title |
Use Of Cellulosic Substrates For The Microbial Treatment Of Acid-Mine Drainage |
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Journal Article |
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1994 |
Publication |
Journal of Environmental Quality |
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23 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
111-116 |
| Keywords |
mine water treatment |
| Abstract |
A mixed aerobic-anaerobic microbial treatment process was developed previously for acid mine drainage (AMD) using straw as a substrate. The process was effective only if AMD was supplemented with sucrose. The present study was conducted to determine which, if any, of three cellulosic materials could sustain the microbial treatment of AMD without the addition of a sucrose amendment and to determine the effect of the retention time on the performance of the reactors. The performance of small reactors that treated simulated AMD in the continuous mode was evaluated using alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay, timothy (Phleum pratense L.) hay, and straw with a 5 d retention time. Parameters measured were pH, Fe, Al, sulfate, and ammonium. Timothy hay and straw sustained AMD mitigation for 3 wk, and thereafter all activity ceased. After the reactors ceased treating AMD, the mitigative activities were reinitiated by the addition of sucrose, but not by urea. Alfalfa sustained AMD mitigation for a longer time period than either straw or timothy. The effect of three retention times, 3.5, 7, and 35 d, was then investigated for reactors containing fresh alfalfa. Increasing the retention time resulted in better metal removal and a greater pH increase. With a 7-d retention time, 75 L of simulated AMD were neutralized from a pH of 3.5 to a pH value greater than 6.5. Reactors operating with a 3.5-d retention time treated only 58.3 L of simulated AMD before failing. Ammonium was detected in effluents of active reactors. The results of this study indicate that a low maintenance microbial treatment system can be developed with alfalfa as a substrate without the addition of a sucrose amendment. |
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Use Of Cellulosic Substrates For The Microbial Treatment Of Acid-Mine Drainage; Wos:A1994mu33000017; Times Cited: 22; ISI Web of Science |
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no |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 17194 |
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89 |
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| Author |
Davison, W. |
| Title |
Neutralizing Strategies For Acid Waters – Sodium And Calcium Products Generate Different Acid Neutralizing Capacities |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Water Res |
Abbreviated Journal |
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22 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
577-583 |
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mine water treatment |
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Neutralizing Strategies For Acid Waters – Sodium And Calcium Products Generate Different Acid Neutralizing Capacities; Wos:A1988p420900008; Times Cited: 8; ISI Web of Science |
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no |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 9085 |
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90 |
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