Kleinmann, R. L. P. (1990). Acid Mine Water Treatment using Engineered Wetlands. Int. J. Mine Water, 9(1-4), 269–276.
Abstract: 400 systems installed within 4 years During the last two decades, the United States mining industry has greatly increased the amount it spends on pollution control. The application of biotechnology to mine water can reduce the industry's water treatment costs (estimated at over a million dollars a day) and improve water quality in streams and rivers adversely affected by acidic mine water draining from abandoned mines. Biological treatment of mine waste water is typically conducted in a series of small excavated ponds that resemble, in a superficial way, a small marsh area. The ponds are engineered to first facilitate bacterial oxidation of iron; ideally, the water then flows through a composted organic substrate that supports a population of sulfate-reducing bacteria. The latter process raises the pH. During the past four years, over 400 wetland water treatment systems have been built on mined lands as a result of research by the U.S. Bureau of Mines. In general, mine operators find that the wetlands reduce chemical treatment costs enough to repay the cost of wetland construction in less than a year. Actual rates of iron removal at field sites have been used to develop empirical sizing criteria based on iron loading and pH. If the pH is 6 or above, the wetland area (in2) required is equivalent to the iron. load (grams/day) divided by 10. Theis requirement doubles at a pH of 4 to 5. At a pH below 4, the iron load (grams/day) should be divided by 2 to estimate the area required (in2).
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Okuda, T., Ema, S., Ishizaki, C., & Fujimoto, J. (1991). Mine drainage treatment and ferrite sludge application. NEC Technical Journal, 44(5), 4–16.
Abstract: The `ferrite process' is an excellent method for treating waste water containing iron and arsenic, but cannot be directly applied to mine drainage where silicon and aluminum ions are present, because they strongly inhibit ferrite formation. As a result of the development of related technologies such as the elimination of silicon, the concentration of iron, and the oxidation of ferrous ions using iron-oxidation bacteria, a new ferrite formation process has been developed and applied to the mine drainage of the Matsuo Mine. The paper discusses the application of the ferrite sludge to magnetic marking materials, magnetic fluid for metal separation and recovery, and the semiactive magnetic damper is described. The related technologies which will be expected to play an important role in solving the environmental problems are also described. These technologies will change the ferrite sludge to beneficial materials, which can be used for carbon dioxide decomposing catalysts, reuse of dry batteries, fish gathering blocks, and cement tracer for ground improvement
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Hart, W. M. (1992). Prediction and amelioration of acid mine drainage. Ph.D. thesis, West Virginia University,, Morgantown.
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Rabenhorst, M. C., & James, B. R. (1993). Acid mine drainage remediation via sulfidization in wetlands Fiscal year 1992 annual report.
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Guo, F., & Yu, H. (1993). Hydrogeochemistry and treatment of acid mine drainage in southern China. In B. A. Zamora, & R. E. Connolly (Eds.), Proceedings of the Annual National Meeting – American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation, vol.10 (pp. 277–283). The challenge of integrating diverse perspectives in reclamation.
Abstract: Coal mines and various sulfide ore deposits are widely distributed in Southern China. Acid mine drainage associated with coal and metal sulfide deposits affects water quality in some mined areas of Southern China. Mining operations accelerate this natural deterioration of water quality by exposing greater surface areas of reactive minerals to the weathering effects of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Some approaches to reduce the effects of acid mine drainage on water quality are adopted, and they can be divided into two aspects: (a) Man-made control technology based on long-term monitoring of acid mine drainage; and, (b) Neutralization of acidity through the addition of lime. It is important that metals in the waste water are removed in the process of neutralization. A new method for calculating neutralization dosage is applied. It is demonstrated that the calculated value is approximately equal to the actual required value.
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