Abstract: When mining is completed the sites may be completely restored to the originalecosystem, rehabilitated for some desirable environmental characteristics, desirable alternative ecosystemscreated or just neglected. The strategy adopted will depend on the intended uses of the parts of theenvironment (including water) affected by the mining. An example of rehabilitation of a metal mine nearthe Australian Federal Capital is used to illustrate the problems that may be encountered. These include:lack of controls while mining is underway; catastrophic events, such as the collapse of a settling dam,lack of site specific understanding of pyrite oxidation processes, particularly those that are biologicallyenhanced; the need for adequate biological information on which to base decisions to meet biologicalinformation on which to base decisions to meet biological objectives. Experience has shown that biologicalcollections such studies should be stored in museums where they will be valuable for comparisons of changesover long periods.

Abstract: This paper summarises the performance of minewater-treatment schemes which are operated under the Coal Authority's National Minewater Treatment Programme. Commonly-used design criteria and performance indicators are briefly discussed, and the performance of wetland systems which are operated by the Coal Authority is reviewed. Most schemes for which data are available remove more than 90% iron, and average area-adjusted iron-removal rates range from 1.5 to 5.5 g Fe/m(2). d. These values, which are based on performance calculations, can be distorted by several factors, including the practice of maximising wetland areas to make best use of available land. Removal rates are limited by influent iron loadings, and area-adjusted iron-removal rates should be used with caution when assessing wetland performance. Sizing criteria for all types of treatment system might be refined if more detailed data become available.

Abstract: A mixed aerobic-anaerobic microbial treatment process was developed previously for acid mine drainage (AMD) using straw as a substrate. The process was effective only if AMD was supplemented with sucrose. The present study was conducted to determine which, if any, of three cellulosic materials could sustain the microbial treatment of AMD without the addition of a sucrose amendment and to determine the effect of the retention time on the performance of the reactors. The performance of small reactors that treated simulated AMD in the continuous mode was evaluated using alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay, timothy (Phleum pratense L.) hay, and straw with a 5 d retention time. Parameters measured were pH, Fe, Al, sulfate, and ammonium. Timothy hay and straw sustained AMD mitigation for 3 wk, and thereafter all activity ceased. After the reactors ceased treating AMD, the mitigative activities were reinitiated by the addition of sucrose, but not by urea. Alfalfa sustained AMD mitigation for a longer time period than either straw or timothy. The effect of three retention times, 3.5, 7, and 35 d, was then investigated for reactors containing fresh alfalfa. Increasing the retention time resulted in better metal removal and a greater pH increase. With a 7-d retention time, 75 L of simulated AMD were neutralized from a pH of 3.5 to a pH value greater than 6.5. Reactors operating with a 3.5-d retention time treated only 58.3 L of simulated AMD before failing. Ammonium was detected in effluents of active reactors. The results of this study indicate that a low maintenance microbial treatment system can be developed with alfalfa as a substrate without the addition of a sucrose amendment.