Turek, M. (2000). Recovery of NaCl from saline mine water in the ED-MSF system. 8th World Salt Symposium, Vols 1 and 2, , 471–475.
Abstract: A considerable part of water obtained by drainage of Polish coal-mines is saline which creates substantial ecological problems. The load of salt (mainly sodium chloride) amounts to 5 min t/year. Despite the utilisation of saline coalmine waters is considered to be the most adequate method of solving ecological problems caused by this kind of water in Poland there are only two installations utilising coal-mine waters and producing 100,000 t salt per year. In the case of the most concentrated waters, the so-called coal-mine brines, the method of concentrating by evaporation in twelve-stage expansion installation or vapour compression is applied, after which sodium chloride is manufactured. In the case of low salinity waters they are preconcentrated first by RO method. High energy consumption in above-mentioned methods of evaporation is a considerable restriction in the utilisation of coal-mine brines. An obstacle in the application of low energy evaporation processes, e.g. multi-stage flash, is the high concentration of calcium and sulphate ions in the coal-mine waters.
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Groudev, S. N., Georgiev, P. S., Spasova, I. I., & Nicolova, M. N. (2000). In situ treatment of mine waters by means of a permeable barrier. Groundwater 2000, , 417–418.
Abstract: Acid ground waters contaminated with radioactive elements (U, Ra, Th), toxic heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn, Fe), arsenic and sulphates were treated by means of a permeable barrier. The barrier was filled with a mixture of biodegradable solid organic substrates (spent mushroom compost, sawdust and cow manure) and was inhabited by a mixed microbial community consisting of sulphate-reducing bacteria and other metabolically interdependent microorganisms. An efficient removal of the pollutants was achieved by this barrier during the different climatic seasons, even at ambient temperatures close to degrees C. The microbial dissimilatory sulphate reduction and the sorption of pollutants by the organic matter in the barrier were the main processes involved in this removal.
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Mitchell, P. (2000). Silica micro encapsulation: An innovative commercial technology for the treatment of metal and radionuclide contamination in water and soil. Environmental Issues and Management of Waste in Energy and Mineral Production, , 307–314.
Abstract: Klean Earth Environmental Company (KEECO) has developed the Silica Micro Encapsulation (SME) technology to treat heavy metals and radionuclides in water and soil. Unlike conventional neutralization/precipitation methods, SME encapsulates the contaminants in a permanent silica matrix resistant to degradation under even extreme environmental conditions. Encapsulated metals and radionuclides are effectively immobilized, minimising the potential for environmental contamination and impacts on human or ecosystem health. The effectiveness of SME has been proven through independent reviews, laboratory and field trials and commercial contracts, and the technology can be used to control and prevent acid drainage and the transport of soluble metals from mine sites, tailings areas, landfills and industrial sites. Successful demonstrations in the treatment of sediments and in brownfield redevelopment, treatment of metal-finishing wastewaters, and control of hazardous, low-level, and mixed waste at DOE/DOD sites and commercial nuclear power plants have also been undertaken. This paper describes the reactions involved in the SME process, the methods by which SME chemicals are introduced to various media, and recent project applications relevant to the cost effective remediation and prevention of environmental problems arising from energy and mineral production.
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Younger, P. L. (2000). The adoption and adaptation of passive treatment technologies for mine waters in the United Kingdom. Mine Water Env., 19(2), 84–97.
Abstract: During the 1990s, passive treatment technology was introduced to the United Kingdom (UK). Early hesitancy on the part of regulators and practitioners was rapidly overcome, at least for net-alkaline mine waters, so that passive treatment is now the technology of choice for the long-term remediation of such discharges, wherever land availability is not unduly limiting. Six types of passive systems are now being used in the UK for mine water treatment: ¨ aerobic, surface flow wetlands (reed-beds); ¨ anaerobic, compost wetlands with significant surface flow; ¨ mixed compost / limestone systems, with predominantly subsurface flow (so-called Reducing and Alkalinity Producing Systems (RAPS)); ¨ subsurface reactive barriers to treat acidic, metalliferous ground waters; ¨ closed-system limestone dissolution systems for zinc removal from alkaline waters; ¨ roughing filters for treating ferruginous mine waters where land availability is limited. Each of these technologies is appropriate for a different kind of mine water, or for specific hydraulic circumstances. The degree to which each type of system can be considered “proven technology” corresponds to the order in which they are listed above. Many of these passive systems have become foci for detailed scientific research, as part of a $1.5M European Commission project running from 2000 to 2003.
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Stoica, L., & Dima, G. (2000). Pb(II) removal from aqueous systems by biosorption-flotation on mycelial residues of Penicillium chrysogenum. In A. Rozkowski (Ed.), 7th international Mine Water Association congress; Mine water and the environment (pp. 472–481). Sosnowiec: Uniwersytet Slaski.
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