(2006). World first: Full-scale BioSure plant commissioned. Water Wheel, 5(3), 19–21.
Abstract: ERWAT's Ancor Wastewater Treatment Works on the Far East Rand commissioned a 10 Ml/day full-scale plant to treat toxic mine-water from the Grootvlei gold mine using primary sewage sludge. The R15-million plant is treating sulphate rich acid mine drainage using the Rhodes BioSURE Process. First, the pumped mine-water is treated at a high-density separation (HDS) plant to remove iron and condition pH levels. Then it is pumped two km via a newly-constructed 10 Ml capacity pipeline to the Ancor works. This mine-water is then mixed together with primary sewage sludge in a mixing tank from where a splitter box directs the material to eight biological sulphate reducing reactors or bioreactors. The overflow water which is rich in sulphide is pumped through the main pump station to another mixing box. Here, iron slurry is mixed with the material before it is again divided between four reactor clarifiers for sulphide removal. The overflow water, now containing reduced sulphate levels and virtually no sulphide is pumped to Ancor's biofilters for removal of remaining Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and ammonia following the conventional sewage treatment process for eventual release into the Blesbokspruit.
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Adam, K. (2003). Solid wastes management in sulphide mines: From waste characterisation to safe closure of disposal sites. Minerals and Energy Raw Materials Report, 18(4), 25–35.
Abstract: Environmentally compatible Waste Management schemes employed by the European extractive industry for the development of new projects, and applied in operating sulphide mines, are presented in this study. Standard methodologies used to assess the geotechnical and geochemical properties of the solid wastes stemming from mining and processing of sulphidic metal ores are firstly given. Based on waste properties, the measures applied to ensure the environmentally safe recycling and disposal of sulphidic wastes are summarised. Emphasis is given on the novel techniques developed to effectively prevent and mitigate the acid drainage phenomenon from sulphidic mine wastes and tailings. Remediation measures taken to minimise the impact from waste disposal sites in the post-closure period are described.
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Al-Abed, S., Allen, D., Bates, E., & Reisman, D. (2002). Lime treatment lagoons technology for treating acid mine drainage from two mining sites.
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Amacher, M. C., Brown, R. W., Kotuby-Amacher, J., & Willis, A. (1993). Adding sodium hydroxide to study metal removal in a stream affected by acid mine drainage. Research Paper, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 465(17).
Abstract: Fisher Creek, a stream affected by acid mine drainage in the Beartooth Mountains of Montana, was studied to determine the extent to which copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) would be removed from stream water when pH was increased by a pulse of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Although the pH adjustment study indicated that precipitated Fe(OH) “SUB 3” (am) could rapidly remove Cu and Zn from a stream affected by acid mine drainage, the pH should be maintained in an optimal range (7 to 8.5) to maximize removal by adsorption. -from Authors
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Anonymous. (1998). Remediation of historical mine sites; technical summaries and bibliography. Littleton: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration.
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