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Author |
Cram, J.C. |
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Title |
Diversion well treatment of acid water, Lick Creek, Tioga County, PA |
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Year |
1996 |
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acid mine drainage acid rain atmospheric precipitation carbonate rocks diversion wells Lick Creek limestone Pennsylvania pH pollution rain sedimentary rocks surface water Tioga County Pennsylvania United States water quality water treatment wells 22, Environmental geology |
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Abstract |
Diversion wells implement a fluidized bed of limestone for the treatment of acid water resulting from acid mine drainage or acid precipitation. This study was undertaken to better understand the operation of diversion wells and to define the physical and chemical factors having the greatest impact on the neutralization performance of the system. The study site was located near Lick Creek, a tributary stream of Babb Creek, near the Village of Arnot in Tioga County, Pennsylvania. Investigative methods included collection and analysis of site water quality and limestone data and field study of this as well as other diversion well sites. Analysis of data led to these general conclusions: The site received surface water influenced by three primary sources 1) precipitation, 2) mine drainage baseflow, and 3) melted snow. Water mostly influenced by precipitation events and mine drainage baseflow was more acidic than water influenced by melting snow conditions. The diversion wells were generally able to treat only half or less of the total stream flow of Lick Creek and under extremely high flow conditions the treatment provided was minimal. A range of flow conditions were identified which produced the best performance for the two diversion wells. Treatment produced by the system decreased through the loading cycle and increases to a maximum value after each weekly refilling of limestone. Fine grained sediment in the stream was found to be limestone of the same general composition as the material placed within the wells. Neutralization of acid water was largely due to microscopic particles rather than the limestone sediment discharged to the stream. Additional downstream buffering due to the limestone sediment physically discharged from the vessels was not apparent. Diversion well systems are inexpensive and simple to construct. In addition, the systems were found to be highly reliable and able to effectively treat acid water resulting from mine drainage and acid precipitation. Diversion wells provide better treatment when the treatment site is located at the source of the acidity (such as a mine discharge), rather than at the receiving stream. Systems should be designed with 15 to 20 feet of hydraulic head and the site must have year-round access. Diversion well systems require weekly addition of limestone gravel to the vessels to facilitate continual treatment. A great deal of commitment is necessary to maintain a diversion well system for long periods of time. These systems are more economical and require less attention that conventional chemical treatment of acid water. However, these systems require more attention that traditional passive treatment methods for treatment of acid, including mine drainage. |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Pennsylvania State University at University Park, |
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University Park |
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Diversion well treatment of acid water, Lick Creek, Tioga County, PA; GeoRef; English; References: 49; illus. |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 16652 |
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411 |
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Author |
Gazea, B.; Adam, K.; Kontopoulos, A. |
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Title |
A review of passive systems for the treatment of acid mine drainage |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
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Minerals Engineering |
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9 |
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1 |
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23-42 |
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Acid rock drainage bacteria environmental pollution |
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This review presents the current state of development of the passive mine water treatment technologies. The background of passive treatment is reviewed and the chemical and biological processes involved in metals removal and acidity neutralisation are detailed. The types of currently existing passive treatment technologies and their applicability range as defined by the mine water chemistry are presented. Finally, the performance of passive systems constructed for the treatment of acid mine drainage from both coal and sulphide metal mines is summarised. |
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0892-6875 |
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Jan.; A review of passive systems for the treatment of acid mine drainage; file:///C:/Dokumente%20und%20Einstellungen/Stefan/Eigene%20Dateien/Artikel/10076.pdf; Science Direct |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 17468 |
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43 |
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Author |
Ericsson, B.; Hallmans, B. |
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Title |
Treatment of saline wastewater for zero discharge at the Debiensko coal mines in Poland |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
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Desalination |
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105 |
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1-2 |
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115-123 |
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mine water |
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The drainage water from mines in Poland has a daily contribution of, in the order of magnitude, 6,500 tons of chlorides and 0.5 ton of sulphates to the rivers Vistula (Wisla) and Oder (Odra). The largest amounts of these salts, about 78%, derive from 18 mines located mainly in the Katowice mine district. The high salt content in the water from the Vistula prevents at present its use in agriculture and causes tremendous economic losses due to corrosion attacks on pipes, machines, etc., within the industry. At present only about 4% of the river water can be classified as drinking water. To combat this problem a desalination project in Katowice has now almost been completed, including advanced treatment of wastewater for zero discharge from the two adjacent coal mines, Debiensko and Budryk. It implies elimination of 310 tons/d of salt discharge to the Odra River. The complete treatment processes are divided into three main sections: (1) pretreatment before reverse osmosis (RO) of about 12,400 m3/d drainage water from the two mines with a salinity of around 16,000 mg/l TDS on the average; (2) RO plant including post-treatment of the RO permeate; (3) a thermal plant for concentration of brine (about 4,600 m3/d) and separation of sodium chloride (NaCl) by crystallization, centrifuging and drying. The RO pretreatment includes algicide dosing in a storage tank, disinfection, flocculation/sedimentation and dual media filtration as well as granular activated carbon filtration. After a two-stage microfilter system (50 μ and 5 μ, respectively), the pretreated water is desalinated at 6-7 MPa in a RO system with spiral wound RO membranes. The RO permeate is decarbonated in a part-flow followed by addition of chemicals for disinfection and increase of the temporary hardness before distribution in the drinking water net. The flow into the thermal plant consists of the RO reject (about 2,700 m3/d) with a salinity of around 80 g/l TDS and the brine flow (about 1,870 m3/d) from the Budryk mine with about the same salinity. The first section of the thermal plant is composed of two brine concentrators, designed by Resources Conservation Company (RCC), USA. By using the seed crystal recycling technique it is possible to concentrate the feed to near the precipitation point for NaCl. The second section of the thermal plant includes one crystallizer for production of NaCl, two pusher centrifuges for salt removal from supersaturated brine and one fluidized bed dryer. The crystallizer is a forced circulation submerged-tube evaporator equipped with a mechanical vapor compressor. An additional section is also planned to be constructed for treatment of the purge from the crystallizer in order to recover other valuable chemical products and distillate. The process is fully automatic and controlled by programmable logic controllers. The plant has finally been designed by Energotechnika, Poland, after preparation of technical and economical planning of the project in coordination with Nordcap Ltd., RCC and VBB Viak-SWECO, Stockholm. In the summer 1994 the thermal plant was started up, and the RO plant is expected to be in operation during the spring 1995. The paper covers the project design with illustrations of the main parts of the plant and summarizes the results of the initial operation. |
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0011-9164 |
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June; Treatment of saline wastewater for zero discharge at the Debiensko coal mines in Poland; file:///C:/Dokumente%20und%20Einstellungen/Stefan/Eigene%20Dateien/Artikel/9451.pdf; Science Direct |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 17274 |
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53 |
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Author |
Oleary, W. |
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Title |
Wastewater recycling and environmental constraints at a base metal mine and process facilities |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
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Water Sci. Technol. |
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33 |
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10-11 |
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371-379 |
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mine water treatment |
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In temperate areas of abundant freshwater there is seldom an urgency to recycle. The statutory protection of inland waters for beneficial uses such as drinking, food processing and game fishing is requiring industries to choose recycling. A European success in this trend is a base metal mining/milling industry which, since 1977, is implementing hydraulic, hydrological, treatment and ecological studies with wastewaters and mine tailings. A model activity, located 50 km from Dublin is considered. Zinc and lead concentrates produced and exported to smelters ultimately yield approximately 194,000 t and 54,000 t of these respective metals (32 and 21 percent of European production). Water use as originally planned would have been approximately 6m(3)/t of ore milled. While ore milling increased by 25 percent to 8,500t/d in 1993, water use declined by 33 percent to 4m(3)/t. The components making up this reduction range from milling technology efficiency to greater recycling from the 165 ha tailings pond. Environmental standards, based on framework regulations originating in EU Directives, have been instrumental in achieving wastewater savings. A conclusion is the value of integrating water quantity, quality, recycling, storage, production and other factors early in project planning. Copyright (C) 1996 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. |
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Wastewater recycling and environmental constraints at a base metal mine and process facilities; Wos:A1996vb13300041; Times Cited: 1; ISI Web of Science |
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Call Number |
CBU @ c.wolke @ 17170 |
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84 |
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Author |
Al, T.A. |
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Title |
Storm-water hydrograph separation of run off from a mine-tailings impoundment formed by thickened tailings discharge at Kidd Creek, Timmins, Ontario |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
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Journal of Hydrology |
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180 |
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1-4 |
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55-78 |
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mine water treatment |
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The Kidd Creek Cu-Zn sulphide mine is located near Timmins, Ontario. Mill tailings are thickened and deposited as a thickened slurry in a circular, conical-shaped pile with an area of approximately 1200 ha. Deposition of tailings as a thickened slurry results in a relatively uniform grain-size distribution and hydraulic conductivity, and a thick tension-saturated zone above the water table. The tailings are drained by numerous small, ephemeral stream channels, which have developed in a radial pattern. During storms, water from these streams collects in catchment ponds where it is held before treatment. The contribution of tailings pore water to the run off is of interest because of the potential for discharge of pore water containing high concentrations of Fe(II)-acidity, metals and SO4 to the stream. Hydraulic head measurements, measurements of water-table elevation and groundwater how modelling were conducted to determine the mechanisms responsible for tailings pore water entering the surface streams. Chemical hydrograph separation of storm run off in one of these streams, during three rainfall events, using Na and Cl as conservative tracers, indicates that the integrated tailings pore water fraction makes up between less than 1% and 20% of the total hydrograph. This range is less than the maximum fraction of tailings pore water of 22-65% reported for run off from a conventional tailings deposit. At this site, preferential flow through permeable fractures may be the dominant mechanism causing discharge of tailings pore water to storm run off. Estimates of the mass of Fe(II) that discharges to the surface run off from the pore water range up to 2800 mg s(-1) during a moderate intensity, long duration rainfall event. The greatest potential for discharge of significant masses of solutes derived from the pore water exists during long duration rainfall events, when the water table rises to the surface over large areas of the tailings impoundment. |
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Storm-water hydrograph separation of run off from a mine-tailings impoundment formed by thickened tailings discharge at Kidd Creek, Timmins, Ontario; Wos:A1996up76700004; Times Cited: 7; ISI Web of Science |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 17162 |
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85 |
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