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Wieder, R. K. (1989). A survey of constructed wetlands for acid coal mine drainage treatment in the Eastern United States. Wetlands, 9(2), 299–315.
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Whitlock, J. L. (1990). Biological Detoxification of Precious Metal Processing Wastewaters. Geomicrobiol. J., 8(3-4), 241–249.
Abstract: A biological treatment plant is utilized at the Homestake Mine in Lead, SD, to effect detoxification of a daily discharge of 4 million gallons of wastewater. The wastewater matrix requiring treatment contains cyanide, ammonia, toxic heavy metals, anda variable component of toxic chemicals associated with extractive metallurgy and mining operations. Rotating biological contactors (RBCs) are used to attach the biofilm. Cyanides and heavy metals concentrations are reduced by 95-98%. The treated discharge makes up as much as 60% of the total flow in a cold-water trout fishery. This receiving stream, which remained lifeless for over 100 years as a mine drainage, has now become an established trout fishery and recently yielded a state record trout.
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Whitehead, P. G. (2005). Bioremediation of acid mine drainage: an introduction to the Wheal Jane wetlands project. Science of the Total Environment, 338(1-2), 15–21.
Abstract: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a widespread environmental problem associated with both working and abandoned mining operations. As part of an overall strategy to determine a long-term treatment option for AMD, a pilot passive treatment plant was constructed in 1994 at Wheat Jane Mine in Cornwall, UK. The plant consists of three separate systems; each containing aerobic reed beds, anaerobic cell and rock filters, and represents the largest European experimental facility of its kind. The systems only differ by the type of pre-treatment utilised to increase the pH of the influent minewater (pH<4): lime-dosed (LD), anoxic limestone drain (ALD) and lime free (LF), which receives no form of pre-treatment. The Wheal Jane pilot plant offered a unique facility and a major research project was established to evaluate the pilot plant and study in detail the biological mechanisms and the geochemical and physical processes that control passive treatment systems. The project has led to data, knowledge, models and design criteria for the future design, planning and sustainable management of passive treatment systems. A multidisciplinary team of scientists and managers from the U.K. universities, the Environment Agency and the Mining Industry has been put together to obtain the maximum advantage from the excellent facilities facility at Wheal Jane. (C) 2004 Elseaier B.V All rights reserved.
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White, R. T. (1985). Water-treatment Practice in South-african Gold-mines. J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., 85(3), 81–87.
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Weeks, R. E., Krohn, R., & Walker, T. H. (2000). Water management during the Pinto Valley removal action. In Tailings and Mine and Waste 2000, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference, Fort Collins, US, Jan 22 26, 2000 (pp. 499–506).
Abstract: Der Bruch des Dammes einer Halde der Grube Nr. 14 des Kupfer- Bergbaubetriebes Pinto Valley in Arizona, USA, im Jahre 1997 führte zum Eintrag von 370000 yd(exp 3) Bergematerials und Tailings in das Bett des Flusses Pinto Creek, USA, wodurch letzteres blockiert wurde. Der Vorfall ereignete sich in bergigem Gelände unterhalb eines 14 Quadratmeilen großen Abschnittes des Flusseinzugsgebietes oberhalb des Sees Roosevelt Lake, USA, einer Trinkwasserquelle für Phoenix, USA. Aufgrund der Bedeutung des Gebietes wurde eine Strategie zur Verhütung weiterer Beeinträchtigungen der Wasserqualität ausgearbeitet. Diese beinhaltete Managementaspekte zur Gewährleistung einer schnellen Planung und Ausführung der notwendigen Arbeiten gekoppelt mit der Planung, dem Bau und dem Betrieb von Rückhalte und Umleitungssystemen für auftretende Wässer. Die Auslegung dieser Systeme erfolgte auf der Grundlage der Daten des Einzugsgebietes und der klimatischen Verhältnisse, wobei verschiedene Wahrscheinlichkeiten der Überschreitung der ermittelten Werte berücksichtigt wurden. Innerhalb von acht Monaten konnten die Tailings aus dem betroffenen Gebiet entfernt werden, ohne dass belastete Oberflächenwässer freigesetzt wurden.
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