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Faulkner, B. B., Skousen, J. G., Skousen, J. G., & Ziemkiewicz, P. F. (1996). Treatment of acid mine drainage by passive treatment systems. In Acid mine drainage control and treatment. Morgantown: West Virginia University and the National Mine Land Reclamation Center.
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Gazea, B., Adam, K., & Kontopoulos, A. (1996). A review of passive systems for the treatment of acid mine drainage. Minerals Engineering, 9(1), 23–42.
Abstract: This review presents the current state of development of the passive mine water treatment technologies. The background of passive treatment is reviewed and the chemical and biological processes involved in metals removal and acidity neutralisation are detailed. The types of currently existing passive treatment technologies and their applicability range as defined by the mine water chemistry are presented. Finally, the performance of passive systems constructed for the treatment of acid mine drainage from both coal and sulphide metal mines is summarised.
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Gong, Z., Huang, J., & Jiang, H. (1996). Study of comprehensive retrieval utilization and the treatment of acid mine wastewater. Zhongnan Gongye Daxue Xuebao = Journal of Central South University of Technology, 27(4), 432–435.
Abstract: Impact of precipitating on removing harmful metal ion in the acid mine wastewater with pH neutralizer and sulfide was studied. The possible way of retrieving heavy metal ion in wastewater was probed. The techniques for lime carbonate to reject iron for hydrogen sulfide to precipitate copper and for zinc-lime cream neutralization flocculation to treat, mine acid wastewater were chosen. The final water quality may reach national effluent standard; the copper content was 32% in the sulfide slag.
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Juby, G. J. G. (1996). Desalination of calcium sulphate scaling mine water: Design and operation of the SPARRO process. Water Sa, 22(2), 161–172.
Abstract: The South African mining industry discharges relatively small quantities of mine service water to the environment, but these effluents contribute substantially to the salt load of the receiving waters. The poor quality of service water also has significant cost implications on the mining operations. Of the two main types of mine service water encountered in the gold mining industry, the so-called calcium sulphate scaling types is found in the majority of cases. Preliminary testwork on this type of water using membrane desalination processes revealed that only the seeded reverse osmosis type of process showed promise. To overcome certain process problems and high operating costs with this system, a novel membrane desalination technique incorporating seeded technology, called the SPARRO (slurry precipitation and recycle reverse osmosis) process, was developed. The novel features of the new process included; a lower linear slurry velocity in the membrane tubes, a lower seed slurry concentration, a dual pumping arrangement to a tapered membrane stack, a smaller reactor and a modified seed crystal and brine blow-down system. Evaluation of the SPARRO process and its novel features, over a five-year period, confirmed its technical viability for desalinating calcium sulphate-scaling mine water. The electrical power consumption of the process was approximately half that of previous designs, significantly improving its efficiency. Membrane performance was evaluated and was generally unsatisfactory with both fouling and hydrolysis dominating at times, although operating conditions for the membranes were not always ideal. The precise cause(s) for the membrane degradation was not established, but a mechanism for fouling (based upon the presence of turbidity in the mine water) and a hypothesis fora possible cause of hydrolysis (alluding to the presence of radionuclides in the mine water) were proposed. Product water from the SPARRO process has an estimated gross unit cost (including capital costs) of 383 c/m(3) (1994).
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Ketellapper, V. L., Williams, L. O., Bell, R. S., & Cramer, M. H. (1996). The control of acid mine drainage at the Summitville Mine Superfund Site. In Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems (SAGEEP), vol.1996 (pp. 303–311).
Abstract: The Summitville Mine Superfund Site is located about 25 miles south of Del Norte, Colorado, in Rio Grande County. Occurring at an average elevation of 11,500 feet in the San Juan Mountain Range, the mine site is located two miles east of the Continental Divide. Mining at Summitville has occurred since 1870. The mine was most recently operated by Summitville Consolidated Mining Company, Inc. (SCMCI) as an open pit gold mine with extraction by means of a cyanide leaching process. In December of 1992, SCMCI declared bankruptcy and vacated the mine site. At that time, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) took over operations of the water treatment facilities to prevent a catastrophic release of cyanide and metal-laden water from the mine site. Due to high operational costs of water treatment (approximately $50,000 per day), EPA established a goal to minimize active water treatment by reducing or eliminating acid mine drainage (AMD). All of the sources of AMD generation on the mine site were evaluated and prioritized. Of the twelve areas identified as sources of AMD, the Cropsy Waste Pile, the Summitville Dam Impoundment, the Beaver Mud Dump, the Reynolds and Chandler adits, and the Mine Pits were consider to be the most significant contributors to the generation of metal-laden acidic (low pH) water. A two part plan was developed to control AMD from the most significant sources. The first part was initiated immediately to control AMD being released from the Site. This part focused on improving the efficiency of the water treatment facilities and controlling the AMD discharges from the mine drainage adits. The discharges from the adits was accomplished by plugging the Reynolds and Chandler adits. The second part of the plan was aimed at reducing the AMD generated in groundwater and surface water runoff from the mine wastes. A lined and capped repository located in the mine pits for acid generating mining waste and water treatment plant sludge was found to be the most feasible alternative. Beginning in 1993, mining wastes which were the most significant sources of AMD were being excavated and placed in the Mine Pits. In November 1995, all of the waste from these sources had been excavated and placed in the the Mine Pits. This paper discusses EPA's overall approach to stabilize on-site sources sufficiently such that aquatic, agricultural, and drinking water uses in the Alamosa watershed are restored and/or maintained with minimal water treatment.
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